2.4. Asset Representation

This section discusses the translation of asset descriptions into representations of structures suitable for simulation within the workflow, in this case consistent with the HAZUS description of building classes and associated attributes, which becomes the default data schema. Thus, the description of assets below is organized according to the HAZUS conventions for classifying buildings and organizing damage and loss data according to attributes associated with those building classes.

The following discussion will reference a number of rulesets developed for this testbed to enable various assignments of these HAZUS building classes and corresponding attributes. Details of these rulesets are available to users in one of two forms:

1. Ruleset definition tables (PDFs) curated in DesignSafe that include additional documentation justifying the proposed rule, with provenance information for any sources engaged in that rule’s development.

2. Scripts (in Python) curated in GitHub that implement the ruleset’s logic for this testbed.

Each section provides a table linking the relevant Tables and Scripts. Note as well that all of the rulesets introduced herein are tiered, initiating by assigning all assets a default value for its building classification or a given attribute based on the primary rule. This ensures that every asset receives a HAZUS building class and related attribute assignments, regardless of data sparsity.

2.4.1. Building Classifications

HAZUS classifies buildings based on a more nuanced interpretation of Occupancy Class (see building inventory field OccupancyClass) based on other attributes of relevance for a given hazard type.

For wind losses, HAZUS groups buildings into 5 main types by primary building material/construction mode (wood, masonry, concrete, steel, manufactured home). Buildings must then be sub-classified into one of 55 corresponding HAZUS building classes (HazusClass-W) based on characteristics such as occupancy, number of stories, and footprint size, using rulesets that call upon various fields in the building inventory. The HAZUS building classifications for wind losses are listed in Table 3.4.1.1, and the corresponding rulesets (PDFs and Python scripts) are cross-referenced later in Table 3.4.1.2. Note that while rulesets were developed for marginally and non-engineered building classes in HAZUS, these classes are not used in the current implementation of this testbed.

Table 2.4.1.1 HAZUS building classification for wind loss assessment.

BuildingDescription	HazusClass-W	OccupancyClass
Wood, Single-Family Homes 1 story	WSF1	RES1
Wood, Single-Family Homes 2+ stories	WSF2	RES1
Wood, Multi-Unit/Hotel/Motel 1 story	WMUH1	RES3*, RES5, RES6, COM8
Wood, Multi-Unit/Hotel/Motel 2 stories	WMUH2	RES3*, RES5, RES6, COM8
Wood, Multi-Unit/Hotel/Motel 3+ stories	WMUH3	RES3*, RES5, RES6, COM8
Wood Marginally- or Non-Engineered Multi-Unit/Hotel/Motel 1 story	WMUH1NE	RES3*, RES5, RES6, COM8
Wood Marginally- or Non-Engineered Multi-Unit/Hotel/Motel 2 stories	WMUH2NE	RES3*, RES5, RES6, COM8
Wood Marginally- or Non-Engineered Multi-Unit/Hotel/Motel 3 stories	WMUH3NE	RES3*, RES5, RES6, COM8
Wood Marginally- or Non-Engineered Multi-Unit/Hotel/Motel 4 stories	WMUH4NE	RES3*, RES5, RES6, COM8
Masonry, Single Family Homes 1 story	MSF1	RES1
Masonry, Single Family Homes 2+ stories	MSF2	RES1
Masonry, Multi-Unit/Hotel/Motel 1 story	MMUH1	RES3*, RES5, RES6, COM8
Masonry, Multi-Unit/Hotel/Motel 2 stories	MMUH2	RES3*, RES5, RES6, COM8
Masonry, Multi-Unit/Hotel/Motel 3+ stories	MMUH3	RES3*, RES5, RES6, COM8
Masonry, Low-Rise Strip Mall height < 15 ft	MLRM1	COM1, COM2
Masonry, Low-Rise Strip Mall height > 15 ft	MLRM2	COM1, COM2
Masonry, Low-Rise Industrial/Warehouse/Factory Building	MLRI	IND*
Masonry, Engineered Residential Building, Low-Rise (1-2 Stories)	MERBL	RES*
Masonry, Engineered Residential Building, Mid-Rise (3-5 Stories)	MERBM	RES*
Masonry, Engineered Residential Building, High-Rise (6+ Stories)	MERBH	RES*
Masonry, Engineered Commercial Building, Low-Rise (1-2 Stories)	MECBL	COM*
Masonry, Engineered Commercial Building, Mid-Rise (3-5 Stories)	MECBM	COM*
Masonry, Engineered Commercial Building, High-Rise (6+ Stories)	MECBH	COM*
Masonry Marginally- or Non-Engineered Multi-Unit/Hotel/Motel 1 story	MMUH1NE	RES3*, RES5, RES6, COM8
Masonry Marginally- or Non-Engineered Multi-Unit/Hotel/Motel 2 stories	MMUH2NE	RES3*, RES5, RES6, COM8
Masonry Marginally- or Non-Engineered Multi-Unit/Hotel/Motel 3 stories	MMUH3NE	RES3*, RES5, RES6, COM8
Concrete, Engineered Residential Building, Low-Rise (1-2 Stories)	CERBL	RES*
Concrete, Engineered Residential Building, Mid-Rise (3-5 Stories)	CERBM	RES*
Concrete, Engineered Residential Building, High-Rise (6+ Stories)	CERBH	RES*
Concrete, Engineered Commercial Building, Low-Rise (1-2 Stories)	CECBL	COM*
Concrete, Engineered Commercial Building, Mid-Rise (3-5 Stories)	CECBM	COM*
Concrete, Engineered Commercial Building, High-Rise (6+ Stories)	CECBH	COM*
Steel, Pre-Engineered Metal Building, Small	SPMBS	COM*, IND*, EDU*, AGR*, REL*, GOV*
Steel, Pre-Engineered Metal Building, Medium	SPMBM	COM*, IND*, EDU*, AGR*, REL*, GOV*
Steel, Pre-Engineered Metal Building, Large	SPMBL	COM*, IND*, EDU*, AGR*, REL*, GOV*
Steel, Engineered Residential Building, Low-Rise (1-2 Stories)	SERBL	RES*
Steel, Engineered Residential Building, Mid-Rise (3-5 Stories)	SERBM	RES*
Steel, Engineered Residential Building, High-Rise (6+ Stories)	SERBH	RES*
Steel, Engineered Commercial Building, Low-Rise (1-2 Stories)	SECBL	COM*
Steel, Engineered Commercial Building, Mid-Rise (3-5 Stories)	SECBM	COM*
Steel, Engineered Commercial Building, High-Rise (6+ Stories)	SECBH	COM*
Manufactured Home, Pre-HUD	MHPHUD	RES2
Manufactured Home, 1976 HUD	MH76HUD	RES2
Manufactured Home, 1994 HUD - Wind Zone I	MH94HUD-I	RES2
Manufactured Home, 1994 HUD - Wind Zone II	MH94HUD-II	RES2
Manufactured Home, 1994 HUD - Wind Zone III	MH94HUD-III	RES2
Essential Facility - Fire Station	HUEFFS	GOV2
Essential Facility - Elementary School	HUEFSS	EDU1
Essential Facility - High School (2 Story)	HUEFSM	EDU1
Essential Facility - High School (3 Story)	HUEFSL	EDU1
Essential Facility - Hospital Small (<50 beds)	HUEFHS	COM6
Essential Facility - Hospital Medium (50-150 beds)	HUEFHM	COM6
Essential Facility - Hospital Large (>150 beds)	HUEFHL	COM6
Essential Facility - Police Station	HUEFPS	GOV2
Essential Facility - Emergency Operation Centers	HUEFEO	GOV2

For flood losses, HAZUS groups buildings into one of 32 classifications based on the building use and other features. A separate ruleset was developed to assign buildings into one of these classes associated with inundation by water (HazusClass-IN). The HAZUS building classifications for flood losses are listed in Table 2.4.1.2, and the corresponding rulesets (PDFs and Python scripts) are cross-referenced later in Table 3.4.1.2.

Table 2.4.1.2 HAZUS building classification for flood loss assessment.

Occupancy	HazusClass-IN	OccupancyClass
Single-family home	SF1XA	RES1
Single-family home	SF1XV	RES1
Single-family home	SF2XA	RES1
Single-family home	SF2XV	RES1
Single-family home	SF2BA	RES1
Single-family home	SF2BV	RES1
Single-family home	SF2SA	RES1
Single-family home	SF2SV	RES1
Mobile Home	MH	RES2
Apartment	APT	RES3
Hotel and Motel	HOT	RES4
Nursing Home	NURSE	RES5, RES6
Retail	RETAIL	COM1
Wholesale/warehouse	WHOLE	COM2
Personal and Repair Services	SERVICE	COM3
Business and Office	OFFICE	COM4
Bank	BANK	COM5
Hospital	HOSP	COM6
Medical Office / Clinic	MED	COM7
Entertainment & Recreation	REC	COM8
Theatre	THEAT	COM9
Garage	GARAGE	COM10
Heavy Industry	INDH	IND1
Light Industry	INDL	IND2
Food/Drug/Chemical Industry	CHEM	IND3, IND5
Metals/Mineral Processing	PROC	IND4
Construction	CONST	IND6
Agricultural	AGRI	AGR1
Church	RELIG	REL1
City Hall / Post Office	CITY	GOV1
Police Station / Fire Station	EMERG	GOV2
School / Library	SCHOOL	EDU1, EDU2
IND1	USACE - Galveston	Average heavy industrial, Structure
IND2	USACE - Galveston	Average light industrial, structure
IND3	USACE - Galveston	Average Food/Drug/Chem, Structure
IND4	USACE - Galveston	Average Metals/Minerals processing, structure
IND5	USACE - Galveston	Average High Technology, structure
IND6	USACE - Galveston	Average Construction, structure
AGR1	USACE - Galveston	Average Agriculture, structure
REL1	USACE - Galveston	Church, structure
GOV1	USACE - Galveston	Average government services, structure
GOV2	USACE - Galveston	Average emergency response, Structure
EDU1	USACE - Galveston	Average school, structure
EDU2	USACE - Galveston	Average college/university, structure

For wave-induced losses, HAZUS groups buildings into one of 10 classifications based on the building use, construction material, and number of stories. A separate ruleset was developed to assign buildings into one of these classes associated with losses driven by wave action (HazusClass-WA). The HAZUS building classifications for wave-induced losses are listed in Table 2.4.1.3, and the corresponding rulesets (PDFs and Python scripts) are cross-referenced in Table 3.4.1.2.

Table 2.4.1.3 HAZUS building classification for wave-induced loss assessment.

Occupancy	HazusClass-WA
Wood 1 Story	W1
Wood 2 Story	W2
Wood 3 Story	W3
Masonry/Concrete 1 Story	MC1
Masonry/Concrete 2 Story	MC2
Masonry/Concrete 3 Story	MC3
Steel 1 Story	S1
Steel 2 Story	S2
Steel 3 Story	S3
Mobile Home	MH

Table 2.4.1.4 Additional details for rulesets assigning HAZUS building class

Ruleset Name	Ruleset Definition Table	Python script
Building Class Rulesets - Wind	HAZUS Building Class Rulesets - Wind.pdf	WindClassRulesets
Building Class Rulesets - Flood	HAZUS Building Class Rulesets - Flood.pdf	FloodClassRulesets
Building Class Rulesets - Wave	HAZUS Building Class Rulesets - Wave.pdf	To be released.

2.4.2. Building Attributes

Within each of these building classes, such as wood single-family homes 1-2+ stories, the HAZUS Hurricane Technical Manual (HHTM) further differentiates buildings based on asset attributes and the hazard type (e.g., wind vs. flood) for the purpose of loss estimation. These attributes define key features of the load path and components (e.g., roof shape, secondary water resistance, roof deck attachment, roof-wall connection, shutters, garage), and the number of attributes necessary to describe a given building varies.

As these attributes are beyond what is typically encompassed in a building inventory, this testbed has developed and implemented a library of rulesets to infer the HAZUS-required attributes based on the fields available in the Building Inventory, legacy building codes in New Jersey, local construction practices/norms, surveys capturing owner-driven mitigation actions (e.g., [Javeline19]) and market/industry data. Where possible, the rulesets evolve over time, considering the age of construction to determine the governing code edition and availability of specific mitigation measures in the market. Though reliant on engineering judgment and historical data availability, each rule provides detailed notes cross-referencing the various documents and practices that governed that era of construction and thus informed the ruleset formation. In cases where engineering judgment was required, rules were assigned based on what was understood to be the most common construction practice. In cases where that was not clear, the ruleset assigned the most vulnerable configuration for a more conservative approach to loss estimation. Table 3.4.2.1 and Table 2.4.2.2 list the attributes for the wind and flood loss assessments.

Table 2.4.2.1 Building attributes for wind loss assessment.

Attribute	Description	Format
HazusClass-W	Hazus building classes as defined for wind hazards	Choices: HazusClass-W in Table 3.4.1.1
RoofSystem	Underlying roof structure, applies only to masonry buildings	Choices: Wood, OWSJ
HPR	Hazard Prone Regions for WSF1-2	Choices: yes, no
WBD	Wind Borne Debris for WSF1-2	Choices: yes, no
SWR	Secondary Water Resistance for WSF1-2, WMUH1-3, MSF1-2, MMUH1-3	Choices: yes, no
RoofCvr	Roof cover for WMUH1-3, MMUH1-3, MERBL-M-H, MECBL-M-H, MLRI, MLRM1, MLRM2, SERBL-M-H, SECBL-M-H, CECBL-M-H, CERBL-M-H and Fire Stations, Elementary Schools, 2-story High School and 3-story High School and Hospitals and Police Stations, Emergency Operation Centers	Choices: N/A, BUR, SPM
RoofQual	Roof cover quality for WMUH1-3, MMUH1-3, MLRI	Choices: N/A, poor, good
RDA-Wood	Roof Deck Attachment for wood for WSF1-2, WMUH1-3, MMUH1-3, MSF1-2, MLRM1, MLRM2	Choices: A, B, C, D
RDA-OWSJ	Roof Deck Attachment for OWSJ for MSF1-2	Choices: smtl standard, smtl superior, cshl standard, cshl superior
R2WC	Roof to Wall Connection for WSF1-2, WMUH1-3, MMUH1-3, MSF1-2, MLRM1, MLRM2	Choices: strap, toe-nail
shutters	Use of window opening protection for WSF1-2, WMUH1-3, MMUH1-3, MSF1-2, MERBL-M-H, MECBL-M-H, MMUH1-3,MLRM1, MLRM2, SERBL-M-H, SECBL-M-H, CECBL-M-H, CERBL-M-H, SPMBS-M-L, MH94HUDI-II-III, MH76HUD, MHPHUD and Fire Stations, Elementary Schools, 2-story High School and 3-story High School and Hospitals and Police Stations, Emergency Operation Centers	Choices: yes, no
Agarage	Attached garage for WSF1-2, MSF1-2	Choices: none, SFBC 1994, standard, weak
Mreinf	Reinforcement in masonry walls for MSF1-2, MLRI, MLRM1, MLRM2, MMUH1-3	Choices: yes, no
OWSJ-r	OWSJ required for MSF1-2	Choices: cshl, smtl
Metal-RDA	Metal Roof Deck Attachment for MLRI, MERBL-M-H, MECBL-M-H, MLRM1, MLRM2, SERBL-M-H, SECBL-M-H, SPMBS-M-L and Fire Stations, Elementary Schools, 2-story High School and 3-story High School and Hospitals and Police Stations, Emergency Operation Centers	Choices: standard, superior
RDage	Defines roof deck age for MLRM1, MLRM2, SPMBS-M-L and Fire Stations (HUEFFS), Elementary Schools (HUEFSS)	Choices: new/avg, old
UnitClass	Number of units in strip mall for MLRM2	Choices: single, multi
JoistSpace	Joist spacing for multi-unit strip malls for MLRM2	Choices: N/A, 4, 6
WindDebris	Likely sources of wind debris for MERBL-M-H, MECBL-M-H, MLRM1, MLRM2, SERBL-M-H, SECBL-M-H, CECBL-M-H, CERBL-M-H and Fire Stations, Elementary Schools , 2-story High School and 3-story High School and Hospitals and Police Stations, Emergency Operation Centers	Choices: Res/Comm, Varies by Direction, Residential, None, A, B, C, D
WWR	Window to wall ratio (WWR) for MERBL-M-H, MECBL-M-H, SERBL-M-H, SECBL-M-H, CECBL-M-H, CERBL-M-H and Police Stations, Emergency Operation Centers	Choices: low, medium, high
TieDowns	Use of ties to connect mobile homes to foundations per HUD guidelnes for MH94HUDI-II-III, MH76HUD, MHPHUD	Choices: yes, no

Table 2.4.2.2 Building attributes for flood loss assessment.

Attribute	Description	Format
HazusClass-IN	Hazus building classes as defined for inundation (flooding)	Choices: SF1XA, SF1XV, SF2XA, SF2XV, SF2BA, SF2BV, SF2SA, SF2SV, MH, APT, HOT, NURSE, RETAIL, WHOLE, SERVICE, OFFICE, BANK, HOSP, MED, REC, THEAT, GARAGE, INDH, INDL, CHEM, PROC, CONST, AGRI, RELIG, CITY, EMERG, SCHOOL
HazusClass-WA	Hazus building classes as defined for wave action	Choices: W1, W2, W3, MC1, MC2, MC3, S1, S2, S3, MH
FloodType	Assignment to flood zones as defined for Hazus damage/loss descriptions	Choices: Riverine/A-Zone, Coastal/A-Zone, Coastal/V-Zone
FirstFloorElev	Assignment of first floor height as defined by Hazus	Floating Point Number
PostFIRM	Assignment of FIRM phasing as defined by Hazus	Choices: Yes, No
NumberofStories	Initalizing number of stories for Hazus analysis	integer
BasementType	Assignement of basement type for Hazus analysis	Choices: Basement, Split-Level Basement, No Basement
OccupancyType	Assignment of Occupancy type for Hazus analysis	Choices: SF1XA, SF1XV, SF2XA, SF2XV, SF2BA, SF2BV, SF2SA, SF2SV, MH, APT, HOT, NURSE, RETAIL, WHOLE, SERVICE, OFFICE, BANK, HOSP, MED, REC, THEAT, GARAGE, INDH, INDL, CHEM, PROC, CONST, AGRI, RELIG, CITY, EMERG, SCHOOL
Duration	Assignment of storm suration for Hazus Analysis	Short, Long
Wave Velocity	Definition of wave velocity in ft/s for Hazus Analysis	Floating Point Number

Note that rulesets for assigning wind loss attributes call upon two meta-variables relevant to wind losses for any building: “Hazard Prone Region” and “Wind Borne Debris,” which are assigned based on the design wind speed at the asset location (Building Inventory field “DSWII”) and the flood zone (building inventory field FloodZone), per New Jersey code. These rules used to assign these meta-variables are provided in Table 3.4.2.2. Also note that the roof shape (building inventory field RoofShape), derived from aerial imagery, and terrain roughness (building inventory field Terrain), derived from Land Use Land Cover data, are also attributes required by the HAZUS wind loss model. As these were already assigned in the Asset Description, they are not discussed again herein.

Table 2.4.2.3 Additional details for rulesets for meta-variables in wind loss attribute assignment in HAZUS

Ruleset Name	Ruleset Definition Table	Python script
Attribute Assignment - Wind (Meta-Variable)	Hazus Building Attribute Rulesets - Wind - Meta-Variables.pdf	WindMetaVarRulesets

Finally, all of the rulesets used to assign attributes include a default value that can be updated based on available data, ensuring that each asset receives all the attribute assignments necessary to identify the appropriate Hazus fragility description. The following sections summarize the rulesets used for attribute assignments for specific classes of buildings. Additional attributes assigned to assets are discussed in the following subsections, organized by hazard and building class, where applicable.

Wind Loss Attributes for Wood Buildings

The wind loss model in HAZUS classifies wooden buildings into five building classes:

1. Two single-family homes (WSF1 and WSF2), and

2. Three for multi-unit homes (WMUH1, WMUH2, and WMUH3).

The required attributes for wind loss modeling, the possible entries (values, terms) that can be assigned for those attributes, and the basis for the ruleset developed to make that assignment are summarized in Table 3.4.2.3 and Table 3.4.2.4. Note that these rulesets were developed to reflect the likely attributes based on the year of construction and the code editions and construction norms at that time. The corresponding time-evolving rulesets (PDFs and Python scripts) are cross-referenced in Table 3.4.2.5.

Table 2.4.2.4 Additional HAZUS attributes assigned for wood single-family (WSF) homes: wind losses.

Attribute	Valid Entries	Basis
secondary water resistance (SWR)	yes | no	Codes/standards/human subjects data
roof deck attachment	6d @ 6”/12” | 8d @ 6”/12”| 6d/8d mix @ 6”/6” | 8d @ 6”/6”	Codes/standards
roof-wall connection	strap | toe-nail	Codes/standards
shutters	yes | no	Codes/standards/human subjects data
garage	shuttered houses = garage II (SFBC 1994, none) | unshuttered house = garage I (none, weak, standard)	Trends/norms

Table 2.4.2.5 Additional HAZUS attributes assigned for wood multi-unit home (WMUH): wind losses.

Attribute	Valid Entries	Basis
secondary water resistance (SWR)	yes | no	Codes/standards
roof cover	N/A | BUR | SPM	Trends/norms
roof quality	N/A | poor | good	Trends/norms
roof deck attachment	6d @ 6”/12” | 8d @ 6”/12” | 6d/8d mix @ 6”/6” | 8D @ 6”/6”	Codes/standards
roof-wall connection	strap | toe-nail	Codes/standards
shutters	yes | no	Codes/standards/human subjects data

Table 2.4.2.6 Additional details for rulesets assigning wind loss attributes for wood buildings

Ruleset Name	Ruleset Definition Table	Python script
HAZUS Building Attribute Rulesets - Wind (WSF1-2)	Hazus Building Attribute Rulesets - Wind - WSF1-2.pdf	WindWSFRulesets
HAZUS Building Attribute Rulesets - Wind (WMUH1-3)	Hazus Building Attribute Rulesets - Wind - WMUH1-3.pdf	WindWMUHRulesets

Taking the attribute Second Water Resistance (SWR) as an example, the SWR attribute is assigned by a series of time-evolving rules calling upon four fields in the building inventory: year built, roof shape, roof slope, and average temperature in January. Table 3.4.2.6 provides the detailed rules that map these four variables to the Second Water Resistance (SWR) attribute. This example demonstrates an instance where the attribute is assigned as a random variable, based on the fact that secondary water resistance is not required by code, though surveys of homeowners in hurricane-prone areas can be used to infer how many may have voluntarily adopted this mitigation practice.

Table 2.4.2.7 Ruleset for determining the Second Water Resistance attribute for WSF homes.

Time Period	YearBuiltNJDEP > 2000	1983 < YearBuiltNJDEP < 2000	YearBuilt <= 1983
Ruleset	Assign as a Random Variable (RV) IF RoofShape = Gable OR Hip, SWR = yes (RV = 60%) IF RoofShape = Gable OR Hip, SWR = no (RV = 40%)	IF RoofShape=Flat, SWR=yes ELSEIF RoofShape=(Gable or Hip) & RoofSlope <= 0.17, SWR=yes ELSEIF RoofShape=(Gable or Hip) & RoofSlope (> 0.17 & < 0.33) & AvgJanTemp=Below, SWR=yes ELSEIF RoofShape=(Gable or Hip) & RoofSlope (> 0.17 & < 0.33) & AvgJanTemp=Above, SWR=no ELSEIF RoofShape=(Gable or Hip) & RoofSlope >= 0.33, SWR=no	SWR = no
Note	Minimum drainage recommendations are in place in NJ (See below). However, SWR indicates a code-plus practice. Use homeowner compliance data from NC Coastal Homeowner Survey (2017) to capture potential human behavior (% of sealed roofs in NC dataset). Minimum Code Requirements: R903.4 Roof Drainage. Unless roofs are sloped to drain over roof edges, roof drains shall be installed at each low point of the roof: R903.4.1 Secondary (Emergency Overflow) Drains or Scuppers: Where roof drains are required, secondary emergency overflow roof drains or scuppers shall be provided where the roof perimeter construction extends above the roof in such a manner that water will be entrapped if the primary drains allow buildup for any reason.	This rule applies until 1984, for anything from 1983 or earlier, there is no information available so this rule will continue to be applied. According to 903.2 in the 1995 CABO, for roofs with slopes between 2:12 and 4:12, an underlayment consisting of two layers of No. 15 felt must be applied. In severe climates (less than or equal to 25 degrees average in January), these two layers must be cemented together. According to 903.3 in the 1995 CABO, roofs with slopes greater than or equal to 4:12 shall have an underlayment of not less than one ply of No. 15 felt. Two layers of felt cemented together is considered to be secondary water resistance. This ruleset is for asphalt shingles. Almost all other roof types require underlayment of some sort, but the ruleset is based on asphalt shingles because it is most conservative. According to table No. R-803.4 in 1992 CABO, for roofs with slopes between 2:12 and 4:12 in severe climates (less than or equal to 25 degrees average in January), one layer no 40 coated roofing or coated glass base sheet from the eves to 12 inches inside the exterior wall line is required. The rule used for asphalt shingles is assumed to apply to every roof because more specific requirements based on roofing type were not specified. According to R-803.3 in the 1989 CABO, for roofs with slopes between 2:12 and 4:12, an underlayment consisting of two layers of No. 15 felt must be applied. In severe climates (less than or equal to 25 degrees average in January), these two layers must be cemented together. According to R803.2 in the 1989 CABO, roofs with slopes greater than or equal to 4:12 shall have an underlayment of not less than one ply of No. 15 felt. Two layers of felt cemented together is considered to be secondary water resistance. This ruleset is for asphalt shingles. Almost all other roof types require underlayment of some sort, but the ruleset is based on asphalt shingles because it is most conservative. According to R-803.3 in 1986 CABO, for roofs with slopes between 2:12 and 4:12 in severe climates (less than or equal to 25 degrees average in January), one layer no 40 coated roofing or coated glass base sheet from the eves to 12 inches inside the exterior wall line is required. The rule used for asphalt shingles is assumed to apply to every roof because more specific requirements based on roofing type were not specified. According to R-803.1 and R-803.2 in 1983 CABO, for roofs with slopes between 2:12 and 4:12 in severe climates (less than or equal to 25 degrees average in January), two layers of Type 15 felt must be applied and cemented together from the eaves up the roof to overlie a point twenty four inches inside the interior of the building.	Default

Wind Loss Attributes for Masonry Buildings

The masonry buildings have 14 building classes: Their key attributes that influence the fragility functions are listed in Table 2.4.2.8, Table 2.4.2.9, Table 2.4.2.10, Table 2.4.2.11, Table 2.4.2.12, and Table 2.4.2.13.

The wind loss model in HAZUS classifies masonry buildings into 14 building classes: 1. two masonry single family home classes (MSF1 and MSF2) 2. three masonry multi-unit home classes (MMUH1, MMUH2, and MMUH3) 3. two masonry low-Rise strip mall classes (MLRM1 and MLRM2) classes 4. three masonry engineered residential building classes (MERBL, MERBM, and MERBH) 5. three Masonry engineered commercial building classes (MECBL, MECBM, and MECBH) and 6. one masonry low-rise industrial building class (MLRI).

Their required attributes for wind loss modeling, the possible entries (values, terms) that can be assigned for those attributes, and the basis for the ruleset developed to make that assignment are summarized in Table 2.4.2.8, Table 2.4.2.9, Table 2.4.2.10, Table 2.4.2.11, Table 2.4.2.12, Table 2.4.2.13. Note that these rulesets were developed to reflect the likely attributes based on the year of construction and the code editions and construction norms at that time. The corresponding time-evolving rulesets (PDFs and Python scripts) are cross-referenced in Table 2.4.2.14.

Table 2.4.2.8 Additional HAZUS attributes assigned for masonry single family (MSF) homes: wind losses.

Attribute	Valid Entries	Basis
roof-wall connection	strap | toe-nail	Codes/standards
secondary water resistance (SWR)	yes | no	Codes/standards/human subjects data
shutters	yes | no	Codes/standards/human subjects data
garage	shuttered houses = garage II (SFBC 1994, none) | unshuttered house = garage I (none, weak, standard)	Trends/norms
masonry reinforcement	yes | no	Trends/norms
roof deck attachment (wood truss roof only)	6d @ 6”/12” | 8d @ 6”/12”| 6d/8d mix @ 6”/6” | 8d @ 6”/6”	Codes/standards
roof deck attachment (steel joist roof only)	sheet metal standard | sheet metal superior | cover shingle stanford | cover shingle superior	Trends/norms

Table 2.4.2.9 Additional HAZUS attributes assigned for masonry multi-unit homes (MMUH): wind losses.

Attribute	Valid Entries	Basis
secondary water resistance/human subjects data	yes | no	Codes/standards
roof cover	N/A | BUR | SPM	Trends/norms
roof quality	N/A | poor | good	Trends/norms
roof deck attachment	6d @ 6”/12” | 8d @ 6”/12” | 6d/8d mix @ 6”/6” | 8D @ 6”/6”	Codes/standards
roof to wall connection	strap | toe-nail	Codes/standards
shutters	yes | no	Codes/standards/human subjects data
masonry reinforcement	yes | no	Trends/norms

Table 2.4.2.10 Additional HAZUS attributes assigned for masonry low-rise strip malls (MLRM): wind losses.

Attribute	Valid Entries	Basis
roof cover	N/A | BUR | SPM	Trends/norms
shutters	yes | no	Codes/standards/human subjects data
masonry reinforcement	yes | no	Codes/standards
wind borne debris	residential | commercial	Trends/norms
roof deck attachment (wood truss roof only)	6d @ 6”/12” | 8d @ 6”/12”| 6d/8d mix @ 6”/6” | 8d @ 6”/6”	Codes/standards
roof to wall connection (wood truss roof only)	strap | toe-nail	Codes/standards
roof deck attachment (steel joist roof only)	standard | superior	Trends/norms
roof deck age (steel joist roof only)	new | average | old	Trends/norms
unit class (steel joist roof and MLRM2 only)	single | multiple	Trends/norms
joist space (steel joist roof and MLRM2 only)	N/A | 4 | 6	Trends/norms

Table 2.4.2.11 Additional HAZUS attributes assigned for masonry engineered residential buildings (MERB): wind losses.

Attribute	Valid Entries	Basis
roof cover	N/A | BUR | SPM	Trends/norms
shutters	yes | no	Codes/standards/human subjects data
wind borne debris	residential | commercial	Trends/norms
metal roof deck attachment	standard | superior	Codes/standards
window wall ratio	low | medium | high	Trends/norms

Table 2.4.2.12 Additional HAZUS attributes assigned for HAZUS masonry engineered commercial buildings (MECB): wind losses.

Attribute	Valid Entries	Basis
roof cover	N/A | BUR | SPM	Trends/norms
shutters	yes | no	Codes/standards/human subjects data
wind borne debris	residential | commercial	Trends/norms
metal roof deck attachment	standard | superior	Codes/standards
window wall ratio	low | medium | high	Trends/norms

Table 2.4.2.13 Additional HAZUS attributes assigned for masonry low-rise industrial buildings (MLRI): wind losses.

Attribute	Valid Entries	Basis
masonry reinforcement	yes | no	Codes/standards
roof cover	N/A | BUR | SPM	Trends/norms
roof quality	N/A | poor | good	Trends/norms
metal roof deck attachment	standard | superior	Codes/standards

Table 2.4.2.14 Additional details for rulesets assigning wind loss attributes for masonry buildings

Ruleset Name	Ruleset Definition Table	Python script
HAZUS Building Attribute Rulesets - Wind (MSF1-2)	Hazus Building Attribute Rulesets - Wind - MSF1-2.pdf	WindMSFRulesets
HAZUS Building Attribute Rulesets - Wind (MMUH1-3)	Hazus Building Attribute Rulesets - Wind - MMUH1-3.pdf	WindMMUHRulesets
HAZUS Building Attribute Rulesets - Wind (MLRM1)	Hazus Building Attribute Rulesets - Wind - MLRM1.pdf	WindMLRMRulesets
HAZUS Building Attribute Rulesets - Wind (MLRM1)	Hazus Building Attribute Rulesets - Wind - MLRM2.pdf	WindMLRMRulesets
HAZUS Building Attribute Rulesets - Wind (MERBL-M-H)	Hazus Building Attribute Rulesets - Wind - MERBL-M-H.pdf	WindMERBRulesets
HAZUS Building Attribute Rulesets - Wind (MECBL-M-H)	Hazus Building Attribute Rulesets - Wind - MECBL-M-H.pdf	WindMECBRulesets
HAZUS Building Attribute Rulesets - Wind (MLRI)	Hazus Building Attribute Rulesets - Wind - MLRI.pdf	WindMLRIRulesets

Taking the attribute shutters as an example, the shutters attribute is assigned based on time-evolving rules calling upon two fields in the building inventory: year built and the site’s exposure to wind borne debris (WBD). Table 2.4.2.15 provides the detailed rules that map these two variables to the shutters attribute. This example demonstrates an instance where the attribute is assigned by a code-based rule for modern construction, but older construction is assigned as a random variable, based on the fact that shutters were not codified before 2000 IBC, but human subjects data suggests potential rates of voluntary shutter use. It is assumed that shutters are used only in areas susceptible to WBD.

Table 2.4.2.15 Ruleset for determining the shutter use for masonry engineered commercial buildings.

Time Period	YearBuiltNJDEP > 2000	YearBuiltNJDEP < 2000
Ruleset	IF WBD = yes, shutter = yes; IF WBD = no, shutter = no.	IF WBD = yes, Assign as Random Variable (RV): shutters = yes (RV = 46%), shutters = no (RV = 54%)
Note	1609.1.2 in 2015 IBC: Protection of Openings. In wind-borne debris regions, glazing in buildings shall be impact resistant or protected with an impact-resistant covering meeting the requirements of an approved impact-resistant covering meeting the requirements of an approved impact-resistant standard. Exceptions: Wood structural panels with a minimum thickness of 7/16 of an inch and a maximum panel span of 8 feet shall be permitted for opening protection in buildings with a mean roof height of 33 feet or less that are classified as a Group R-3 or R-4 occupancy. 1609.1.2 Protection of Openings in the 2006 NJ IBC. In wind-borne debris regions, glazing in buildings shall be impact resistant or protected with an impact-resistant covering meeting the requirements of an approved impact-resistant covering meeting the requirements of an approved impact-resistant standard. Exceptions: Wood structural panels with a minimum thickness of 7/16 of an inch and a maximum panel span of 8 feet shall be permitted for opening protection in buildings with a mean roof height of 33 feet or less that are classified as a Group R-3 or R-4 occupancy. 1609.1.4 Protection of Openings in the 2000 NJ IBC. In wind-borne debris regions, glazing in the lower 60 feet in buildings is required to be impact-resistant or meet standards of the Large and Small Missile Test. Exceptions: Wood structural panels with a minimum thickness of 7/16 of an inch and a maximum panel span of 8 feet shall be permitted for opening protection in one or two story buildings.	Shutters were not required by code until the 2000 IBC. Before 2000, the percentage of commercial buildings that have shutters is assumed to be 46%. This value is based on a study on preparedness of small businesses for hurricane disasters, which says that in Sarasota County, 46% of business owners had taken action to wind-proof or flood-proof their facilities. In addition to that, 46% of business owners reported boarding up their businesses before Hurricane Katrina. In addition, compliance rates based on the Homeowners Survey data hover between 43 and 50 percent. Source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212420916303855

Wind Loss Attributes for Steel Buildings

The wind loss model in HAZUS classifies steel buildings into nine building classes: 1. three steel engineered residential building classes (SERBL, SERBM, and SERBH) 2. three steel engineered commercial building classes (SECBL, SECBM, and SECBH) and 3. three steel pre-engineered metal building systems (SPMBS, SPMBM, SPMBL).

Their required attributes for wind loss modeling, the possible entries (values, terms) that can be assigned for those attributes, and the basis for the ruleset developed to make that assignment are summarized in Table 2.4.2.16, Table 2.4.2.17, Table 2.4.2.18:. Note that these rulesets were developed to reflect the likely attributes based on the year of construction and the code editions and construction norms at that time. The corresponding time-evolving rulesets (PDFs and Python scripts) are cross-referenced in Table 2.4.2.19.

Table 2.4.2.16 Additional HAZUS attributes assigned for steel engineered residential buildings (SERB): wind losses.

Attribute	Valid Entries	Basis
roof cover	N/A | BUR | SPM	Trends/norms
shutters	yes | no	Codes/standards/human subjects data
wind borne debris	residential | commercial	Trends/norms
metal roof deck attachment	standard | superior	Codes/standards
window wall ratio	low | medium | high	Trends/norms

Table 2.4.2.17 Additional HAZUS attributes assigned for steel engineered commercial buildings (SECB): wind losses.

Attribute	Valid Entries	Basis
roof cover	N/A | BUR | SPM	Trends/norms
shutters	yes | no	Codes/standards/human subjects data
wind borne debris	residential | commercial	Trends/norms
metal roof deck attachment	standard | superior	Codes/standards
window wall ratio	low | medium | high	Trends/norms

Table 2.4.2.18 Additional HAZUS attributes assigned for steel pre-engineered metal building systems (SPMB): wind losses.

Attribute	Valid Entries	Basis
shutters	yes | no	Codes/standards/human subjects data
roof deck age	new | average | old	Trends/norms
metal roof deck attachment	standard | superior	Codes/standards

Table 2.4.2.19 Additional details for rulesets assigning wind loss attributes for steel buildings

Ruleset Name	Ruleset Definition Table	Python script
HAZUS Building Attribute Rulesets - Wind (SERBL-M-H)	Hazus Building Attribute Rulesets - Wind - SERBL-M-H.pdf	WindSERBRulesets
HAZUS Building Attribute Rulesets - Wind (SECBL-M-H)	Hazus Building Attribute Rulesets - Wind - SECBL-M-H.pdf	WindSECBRulesets
HAZUS Building Attribute Rulesets - Wind (SPMBS-M-L)	Hazus Building Attribute Rulesets - Wind - SPMBS-M-L.pdf	WindSPMBRulesets

Taking the attribute wind to wall ratio (WWR) as an example, the WWR attribute is assigned based on a rule that calls upon the window area estimate from the building inventory (field: WindowArea). Table 2.4.2.20 provides the detailed rule that maps this variable to the WWR attribute. Note that WindowArea is a field that can be estimated from streetview data, but this rule also demonstrates how the value can be estimated based on industry norms (see explanation surrounding default value). This attribute is not assumed to evolve with time.

Table 2.4.2.20 Ruleset for determining the window to wall ratio for steel engineered commercial buildings.

Time Period	YearBuiltNJDEP <= 2000	YearBuiltNJDEP > 2000
Ruleset	IF 0.2 <= WindowArea < 0.33, WWR = Low; IF 0.33 <= WindowArea < 0.5, WWR = Medium; IF 0.5 <= WindowArea, WWR = High; IF RoofShape = Gable OR Hip, SWR = yes (RV = 60%); IF RoofShape = Gable OR Hip, SWR = no (RV = 40%)	WWR = medium
Note	HAZUS defines these categories on window to wall ratios (WWR) as follows: Low: 20% <= WWR < 33% Medium: 33% <= WWR < 50% High: WWR <= 50% If WindowArea information available in Custom Inventory from street view data, this should be used to determine the Window Area being low, medium, or high. If this information is not available, all engineered residential buildings are assumed to have low window area. This ruleset was created from the information on the Reference Buildings from the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. Baltimore, MD was used as the test city because the climate was the most similar to Atlantic City of the data available. Office buildings (used as a test case for commercial), have 33% WWR and apartments (used as a test case for residential) have 15% WWR. Therefore, commercial is assumed to have medium window area, whereas residential buildings are assumed to have low window area. More details	Default

Wind Loss Attributes for Concrete Buildings

The wind loss model in HAZUS classifies steel buildings into 6 building classes: 1. three concrete engineered residential building classes (CERBL, CERBM, and CERBH) and 2. three concrete engineered commercial building classes (CECBL, CECBM, and CECBH).

Their required attributes for wind loss modeling, the possible entries (values, terms) that can be assigned for those attributes, and the basis for the ruleset developed to make that assignment are summarized in Table 2.4.2.21 and Table 2.4.2.22. Note that these rulesets were developed to reflect the likely attributes based on the year of construction and the code editions and construction norms at that time. The corresponding time-evolving rulesets (PDFs and Python scripts) are cross-referenced in Table 2.4.2.23.

Table 2.4.2.21 Additional HAZUS attributes assigned for concrete engineered residential buildings (CERB): wind losses.

Attribute	Valid Entries	Basis
roof cover	N/A | BUR | SPM	Trends/norms
shutters	yes | no	Codes/standards/human subjects data
wind borne debris	residential | commercial	Trends/norms
window wall ratio	low | medium | high	Trends/norms
terrain roughness	open (0.03) | light suburban (0.15) | suburban (0.35) | light trees (0.70) | trees (1.00)	Land Use/Land Cover

Table 2.4.2.22 Additional HAZUS attributes assigned for concrete engineered commercial buildings (CECB): wind losses.

Attribute	Valid Entries	Basis
roof cover	N/A | BUR | SPM	Trends/norms
shutters	yes | no	Codes/standards/human subjects data
wind borne debris	residential | commercial	Trends/norms
window wall ratio	low | medium | high	Trends/norms

Table 2.4.2.23 Additional details for rulesets assigning wind loss attributes for concrete buildings.

Ruleset Name	Ruleset Definition Table	Python script
HAZUS Building Attribute Rulesets - Wind (CERBL-M-H)	Hazus Building Attribute Rulesets - Wind - CERBL-M-H.pdf	WindCERBRulesets
HAZUS Building Attribute Rulesets - Wind (CECBL-M-H)	Hazus Building Attribute Rulesets - Wind - CECBL-M-H.pdf	WindCECBRulesets

Taking the attribute roof cover (RoofCvr) as an example, the RoofCvr attribute is assigned based on a ruleset that calls upon the roof shape and year built from the building inventory. Table 2.4.2.24 provides the detailed rule that maps these variables to the RoofCvr attribute. This provides an example of an attribute that is inferred from construction practices based on when different roof cover products entered the market.

Table 2.4.2.24 Ruleset for determining the window to wall ratio for concrete engineered residential buildings.

Time Period	YearBuiltNJDEP >= 1975	YearBuiltNJDEP < 1975
Ruleset	IF 0.2 <= WindowArea < 0.33, WWR = Low; IF RoofShape = (Gable OR Hip), RoofCvr = N/A; IF RoofShape = Flat, RoofCvr = SPM	IF RoofShape = (Gable OR Hip), RoofCvr = N/A; IF RoofShape = Flat, RoofCvr = BUR
Note	NJ Building Code Section 1507 (in particular 1507.10 and 1507.12) address Built Up Roofs and Single Ply Membranes. However, the NJ Building Code only addresses installation and material standards of different roof covers, but not in what circumstance each must be used. SPMs started being used in the 1960s, but different types continued to be developed through the 1980s. Today, single ply membrane roofing is the most popular flat roof option. BURs have been used for over 100 years, and although they are still used today, they are used less than SPMs. Since there is no available ruleset to be taken from the NJ Building Code, the ruleset is based off this information. Sources: https://www.spri.org/2019/01/singe-ply-roofing-101/, https://continuingeducation.bnpmedia.com/courses/johns-manville/understanding-single-ply-roofing-systems/ Assumptions of the Ruleset: All flat roofs built before 1975 are BURs. SPMs were developed in the 1960s, and considering that there is a time lag to start consistently using new methods, SPMs rose in importance through the 1970s, becoming more popular. This ruleset assumes that all roofs built after 1975 are SPMs.	NJ Building Code Section 1507 (in particular 1507.10 and 1507.12) address Built Up Roofs and Single Ply Membranes. However, the NJ Building Code only addresses installation and material standards of different roof covers, but not in what circumstance each must be used. SPMs started being used in the 1960s, but different types continued to be developed through the 1980s. Today, single ply membrane roofing is the most popular flat roof option. BURs have been used for over 100 years, and although they are still used today, they are used less than SPMs. Since there is no available ruleset to be taken from the NJ Building Code, the ruleset is based off this information. Sources: https://www.spri.org/2019/01/singe-ply-roofing-101/, https://continuingeducation.bnpmedia.com/courses/johns-manville/understanding-single-ply-roofing-systems/ Assumptions of the Ruleset: All flat roofs built before 1975 are BURs. SPMs were developed in the 1960s, and considering that there is a time lag to start consistently using new methods, SPMs rose in importance through the 1970s, becoming more popular. This ruleset assumes that all roofs built after 1975 are SPMs.

Wind Loss Attributes for Manufactured Homes

The wind loss model in HAZUS classifies manufactured homes (MH) into five building classes that are organized into three groupings, based on phasing of revisions to Housing and Urban Development (HUD) guidelines: 1. manufactured homes built before 1976 (MHPHUD) 2. manufactured homes built after 1976 and before 1995 (MH76HUD) 3. manufactured homes built after 1994 (MH94HUDI, M94HUDII, MH94HUDIII).

Their required attributes for wind loss modeling, the possible entries (values, terms) that can be assigned for those attributes, and the basis for the ruleset developed to make that assignment are summarized in Table 2.4.2.25. ote that these rulesets were developed to reflect the likely attributes based on the year of construction and the code editions and construction norms at that time. The corresponding time-evolving rulesets (PDFs and Python scripts) are cross-referenced in Table 2.4.2.26.

Table 2.4.2.25 Additional HAZUS attributes assigned to Manufactured Homes (MH).

Attribute	Valid Entries	Basis
shutters	yes | no	Codes/standards/human subjects data
tie downs	yes | no	Codes/standards

Table 2.4.2.26 Additional details for rulesets assigning wind loss attributes for manufactured homes.

Ruleset Name	Ruleset Definition Table	Python script
HAZUS Building Attribute Rulesets - Wind (Manufactured Homes)	Hazus Building Attribute Rulesets - Wind - MH76HUD.pdf, Hazus Building Attribute Rulesets - Wind - MH94HUDI-II-III.pdf, Hazus Building Attribute Rulesets - Wind - MHPHUD.pdf	WindMHRulesets

Taking the attribute tie down (TieDown) as an example, the ruleset in Table 2.4.2.27 considers the Year Built to determine if tie down use is governed by HUD standards based on the design wind speed or if it is a voluntary action predating code requirements and thus is governed by human subjects data. This provides an example of an attribute that is inferred from construction practices based on when different roof cover products entered the market.

Table 2.4.2.27 Ruleset for determining the tie down for manufactured homes.

Time Period	YearBuiltNJDEP > 1994	1976 < YearBuiltNJDEP <= 1994	YearBuiltNJDEP <= 1976
Ruleset	IF DWSII >= 70, TieDown = yes; IF DWSII < 70, TieDown = no	Assign as Random Variable (RV): TieDown = yes (RV = 45%); TieDown = no (RV = 55%)	Assign as Random Variable (RV): TieDown = yes (RV = 45%); TieDown = no (RV = 55%)
Notes	3280.306 (d) Requirements for ties. Manufactured homes in Wind Zone I require only diagonal ties. These ties shall be placed along the main frame and below the outer side walls. All manufactured homes designed to be located in Wind Zones II and III shall have a vertical tie installed at each diagonal tie location. Wind Zones I, II and III are defined as having design wind speeds of 70mph, 100mph and 110 mph, respectively. (Table 3280.305) The HUD Code was amended in 1994 with requirements that manufactured homes meet building and installation standards to provide wind safety safeguards in pre-designated storm regions of the country. Manufactured homes produced since 1994 have been proven to be equal and, in many respects, safer than site-built homes during tornadoes and hurricanes. More details	The HUD Code was amended in 1994 with requirements that manufactured homes meet building and installation standards to provide wind safety safeguards in pre-designated storm regions of the country, therefore tie downs were not required by code before 1994. However, it is recommended that all manufactured homes install tie downs. Therefore, this ruleset assumes roughly the same percentage voluntary compliance as shutters before 1994, meaning, 45% of manufactured homes under the 1976 HUD codes should be randomly assigned to have tie-downs, and 55% should not. (More details)	The HUD Code was amended in 1994 with requirements that manufactured homes meet building and installation standards to provide wind safety safeguards in pre-designated storm regions of the country, therefore tie downs were not required by code before 1994. However, it is recommended that all manufactured homes install tie downs. Therefore, this ruleset assumes roughly the same percentage voluntary compliance as shutters before 1994, meaning, 45% of pre-HUD manufactured homes should be randomly assigned to have tie-downs, and 55% should not. (More details)

Wind Loss Attributes for Essential Facilities

The wind loss model in HAZUS futher classifies several groupings of essential facilities: 1. Fire Staions and Elementary Schools (HUEFFS, HUEFSS) 2. High Schools: 2-story and 3-story (HUEFSM, HUEFSL) 3. Hospitials: small, medium, large (HUEFHS, HUEFHM, HUEFHL) 4. Police Stations and Emergency Operations Centers (HUEFPS, HUEFEO)

Their required attributes for wind loss modeling, the possible entries (values, terms) that can be assigned for those attributes, and the basis for the ruleset developed to make that assignment are summarized in Table 2.4.2.28, Table 2.4.2.29, Table 2.4.2.30, and Table 2.4.2.31. Note that these rulesets were developed to reflect the likely attibutes based on the year of construction and the code editions and construction norms at that time. The corresponding time-evolving rulesets (PDFs and Python scriots) are cross-referenced in Table 2.4.2.32.

Table 2.4.2.28 Additional HAZUS attributes assigned for fire stations and elementary schools: wind losses.

Attribute	Valid Entries	Basis
roof cover	BUR | SPM	Trends/norms
shutters	yes | no	Codes/standards/human subjects data
wind borne debris source	Residential/Commerical (A) | Varies by Direction (B) | Residential (C) | None (D)	Trends/norms
roof deck age	good | poor	Trends/norms
metal roof deck attachment	standard | superior	Codes/standards

Table 2.4.2.29 Additional HAZUS attributes assigned for 2-story and 3-story high schools: wind losses.

Attribute	Valid Entries	Basis
roof cover	BUR | SPM	Trends/norms
shutters	yes | no	Codes/standards/human subjects data
wind borne debris source	Residential/Commerical (A) | Varies by Direction (B) | Residential (C) | None (D)	Trends/norms
metal roof deck attachment	standard | superior	Codes/standards

Table 2.4.2.30 Additional HAZUS attributes assigned for hospitals: wind losses.

Attribute	Valid Entries	Basis
roof cover	BUR | SPM	Trends/norms
shutters	yes | no	Codes/standards/human subjects data
wind borne debris source	Residential/Commerical (A) | Varies by Direction (B) | Residential (C) | None (D)	Trends/norms
metal roof deck attachment	standard | superior	Codes/standards

Table 2.4.2.31 Additional HAZUS attributes assigned forpolice stations and emergency operation centers: wind losses.

Attribute	Valid Entries	Basis
roof cover	BUR | SPM	Trends/norms
shutters	yes | no	Codes/standards/human subjects data
wind borne debris source	Residential/Commerical (A) | Varies by Direction (B) | Residential (C) | None (D)	Trends/norms
roof deck age	good | poor	Trends/norms
metal roof deck attachment	standard | superior	Codes/standards

Table 2.4.2.32 Additional details for rulesets assigning wind loss attributes for essential facilities.

Ruleset Name	Ruleset Definition Table	Python script
HAZUS Building Attribute Rulesets - Wind (Essential Facilities)	Hazus Building Attribute Rulesets - Wind - HUEFFS-HUEFSS.pdf, Hazus Building Attribute Rulesets - Wind - HUEFHS-M-L.pdf, Hazus Building Attribute Rulesets - Wind - HUEFPS-HUEFEO.pdf, Hazus Building Attribute Rulesets - Wind - HUEFSM-L.pdf	WindEFRulesets

Taking the attribute wind borne debris source (WindDebris) as an example, the WindDebris attribute is assigned based on assumptions surrounding the zoning in areas where each essential facility class is commonly constructed. These are generally A: Residential/Commercial or C: Residential, as summarized in Table 2.4.2.33.

Table 2.4.2.33 Ruleset for determining the wind borne debris for flood essential factilites.

Essential Facility Class	Default Values	Notes
HUEFFS-HUEFSS	WindDebris=A	If a building is given class, according to zoning, neighboring buildings are likely of this class. Thus, this assignment is made based on OccupancyClass. We cannot assign “varies by direction” because we do not have specific information. All essential faciliteis are assumed to be residential/commerical hybrid.
HUEFSM-L	WindDebris=C	If a building is given class, according to zoning, neighboring buildings are likely of this class. Thus, this assignment is made based on OccupancyClass. We cannot assign “varies by direction” because we do not have specific information. Schools are assumed to be in residential areas.
HUEFHS-M-L	WindDebris=A	If a building is given class, according to zoning, neighboring buildings are likely of this class. Thus, this assignment is made based on OccupancyClass. We cannot assign “varies by direction” because we do not have specific information. Hospitals are assumed to be in hybrid commerical/residential areas.
HUEFPS-HUEFEO	WindDebris=A	If a building is given class, according to zoning, neighboring buildings are likely of this class. Thus, this assignment is made based on OccupancyClass. We cannot assign “varies by direction” because we do not have specific information. Police and fire departments are assumed to be in hybrid commerical/residential areas.

Flood Loss Attributes

The flood loss model in HAZUS focuses on a collection of attributes, some of which are already defined in the building inventory (number of stories and occupancy type as defined in Building Classifications), while other building inventory fields like first floor elevation require adjustment. The new or adjusted attributes required for the flood model are itemized in Table 2.4.2.34 with their possible assignments (values, terms) and the ruleset developed to make those assignments. Note that these attributes are generally not time evolving, with the exception of considering if the building was constructed after Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs) were adopted (date varies by municipality). The corresponding rulesets (PDFs and Python scripts) are cross-referenced in Table 2.4.2.35.

Table 2.4.2.34 Additional HAZUS attributes assigned for flood losses.

Attribute	Valid Entries	Basis
flood type	Riverine/A-Zone | Coastal/A-Zone | Coastal/V-Zone	Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs)
first floor elevation	[floating point number]	Dimensional data from building inventory, FIRM standards
construction post-FIRM adoption	yes | no	Date of municipality’s adoption of FIRMs
basement type	Basement | split-level | basement | no basement	characteristic from building inventory
duration	short | long	Observation of storm-surge characetistics in New Jersey
wave velocity	[floating point number]	Established depth-velocity relationship

Table 2.4.2.35 Additional details for rulesets assigning flood loss attributes.

Ruleset Name	Ruleset Definition Table	Python script
HAZUS Building Attribute Rulesets - Flood	Hazus Building Attribute Rulesets - Flood - All Classes.pdf	FloodRulesets

Taking the attribute first floor flood elevation (FirstFloorElev) as an example, the FirstFloorElev attribute is assigned by adapting the building inventory field (FirstFloorHt1), defined by computer vision methods (see Populated Inventories), and adjusting it based on the conventions used to define this quantity based on the flood zone (A-Zone vs. V-Zone), as summarized in Table 2.4.2.36.

Table 2.4.2.36 Ruleset for determining the first floor height for flood loss modeling.

Ruleset	Notes
IF FloodType = (Riverine/A-Zone or Coastal/A-Zone), FirstFloorElev=FirstFloorHt1; If FloodType = Coastal/V-Zone, FirstFloorElev = FirstFloorHt1 - 1	Units of feet. For A Zone, top of finished floor; for V Zone, bottom of floor beam of lowest floor; define X based on typical depth of girders assuming bottom of door is used to estimate first floor height (https://www.apawood.org/Data/Sites/1/documents/raised-wood-floor-foundations-guide.pdf) – take X = 1ft as avaerage value of different options
FirstFloorElev = 1	If no information available

Javeline19

Javeline, D., & Kijewski-Correa, T. (2019). Coastal homeowners in a changing climate. Climatic Change, 152(2), 259-274.